Statistics in Data Collection and Analysis - 6470 Words

The Community Tool Box Our Mission Promoting community health and development by connecting people, ideas and resources English | Espaà ±ol Search the CTB Table of Contents | Do the Work | Solve a Problem | Use Promising Approaches | Connect with Others Workstation Sign-In Services Share on printShare on emailShare on facebookShare on favoritesShare on googleShare on twitterMore Sharing Services433 Table of Contents Chapter 37. Some Operations in Evaluating Community Intervent... gt; Section 5. Collecting and Analyzing Data Collecting and Analyzing Data | | Contributed by Phil Rabinowitz and Stephen FawcettEdited by Christina Holt | What do we mean by collecting data? What do we mean by analyzing†¦show more content†¦This could be a program, method, system, or other action. A dependent variableis what may change as a result of the independent variable or intervention. A dependent variable could be a behavior, outcome, or other condition. A smoking cessation program, for example, is an independent variable that may change group members’ smoking behavior, the primary dependent variable. What do we mean by analyzing data? Analyzing information involves examining it in ways that reveal the relationships, patterns, trends, etc. that can be found within it. That may mean subjecting it to statistical operations that can tell you not only what kinds of relationships seem to exist among variables, but also to what level you can trust the answers you’re getting. It may mean comparing your information to that from other groups (a control or comparison group, statewide figures, etc.), to help draw some conclusions from the data. The point, in terms of your evaluation, is to get an accurate assessment in order to better understand your work and its effects on those you’re concerned with, or in order to better understand the overall situation. There are two kinds of data you’re apt to be working with, although not all evaluations will necessarily include both. Quantitative data refer to the information that is collected as, or can be translated into, numbers, which can then be displayed and analyzed mathematically. QualitativeShow MoreRelatedStatistics Is The Study Of The Collection, Analysis, And Organization Of Data1594 Words   |  7 Pages  Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all persons living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms ofRead MoreStatistics : Statistics And The Collection, Analysis, Interpretation, A nd Presentation Of Masses Of Numerical Data1480 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Czymbor Professor John Gomes Intro Statistics December 2, 2014 Statistics In Everyday Life Merriam Webster dictionary defines statistics as â€Å"a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data†. With all of this information, it is not surprising that statistics is seen in nearly every persons everyday life. It is seen even in unexpected things- such as insurance rates, weather, political campaigns, large consumer basedRead MoreQuantitative Study of Understanding Nursing Research: A Critical Analysis1002 Words   |  4 PagesCRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A QUANTITATIVE STUDY Critical Analysis of a Quantitative Study Introduction A critical analysis of a research involves a strategy to evaluate the components of a research study and determines the strengths and weakness associated with a research. Objective of this research is to prepare a critical analysis of a quantitative study of the article Understanding Nursing Research (Burns Grove 2011) focusing on the problem statement, data collection, data analysis, protectionRead MoreResults and Conclusions Hcs 4651359 Words   |  6 Pages The items of discussion include data collection methods, data analysis procedures, qualitative, quantitative data, and study findings. Results: Data Collection Methods The data collection methods used in this article uses data for the years of 1996-2006 using inputs of live births and induced abortions for teenagers age 15-19 that live in Canada, Sweden, United States, and England. Data method used in Canada is from statistics Canada called CANISM, data method used for Sweden were from multipleRead MoreAnalyzing Models And Observing Factors934 Words   |  4 Pages3.2 Analyzing Models and Observing Factors Model Ingredients Observing Factors IPD LEAN BIM Cost Performance Index (CPI) Schedule Performance Index (SPI) 1 Y Y Y C1 S1 2 Y Y - C2 S2 3 - Y Y C3 S3 4 Y - Y C4 S4 5 - - Y C5 S5 Case Studies Collection. This research reviews several case studies of co-operating Lean, IPD, and BIM in various building types, such as healthcare, education life sciences, gaming, corporate office, hotel/motel, commercial, military, government building, rail massRead MoreProject Estimation Techniques And Methods For The Data Collection Process Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pageswould be based on the process of gathering the relevant data from the required sources and then investigation the issue through it by employing the appropriate data analysis method. Concerning the further research methodology related aspects they are provided below: 1.1 Research Design Lewis (2015) determined that the research methods are used as the tools for the data collection process. There are various methods of collective data with respect to the research design selected. The selectedRead MoreThe Effect Of Pay Level On Job Performance Of Call Center Employees Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesthe outline of the research project, including the different sections and summary descriptions of the information contained in each section. Overall, the research comprises six different sections. These include the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusion. It is important that these sections are well knit to ensure a logical flow of ideas and clarity in the presentation of the research report. The following section shows the research outline. Topic: TheRead MoreApplication Of Statistical Knowledge For Business1532 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Statistics in Business Introduction In making important decisions for the business, the collection and accurate analysis of data is one of the most imperative processes. The analysis helps in determining the preferences of the consumers, the quality that the consumers want, the level of competition in the market and the financial ability of the business among others. This makes it imperative for the people running the business to have the knowledge and the necessary skills in statistics forRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1527 Words   |  7 PagesQuantitative research involves the collection and converting of data in numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or behave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement result in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007). In quantitative research, data collection involves the gathering of informationRead MoreEvaluation Of A Mixed Methodology1537 Words   |  7 Pagessuburb. The quantitative data was represented by pre- and post-assessment scores from a standard type state assessment. The qualitative data was based on information in the student journals and teacher-researcher evaluations and comments. This action research project utilizing mixed methods appears to have been satisfactorily achieved and provided a good quality of data, analysis, and interpretation of results. C. Methods of Data Collection Methods of data collection for this project consisted

The Monsters Inside Me Essay - 1382 Words

In my Painting 2 class, which I took in the fall of 2012, my instructor Chris Finley suggested to me that I, being an aspiring and acting art teacher, apply my curricula to myself. So I thought back to my most successful lesson, â€Å"Aaagh! Monsters!† In that class, I asked my students, ages 5 through 8 year olds, to create a monster of their own. We did a little research into the monsters other people had created in books, in other appropriate visual media, and throughout history. I then asked them to tell me specific things about their monsters like their names, where they lived, what they ate, and so on, so that they could gain a better understanding of who or what their monsters were and be able to depict them more clearly. The children†¦show more content†¦A monster is generally morally objectionable, physically or psychologically hideous, and/or a freak of nature. It can also be applied figuratively to a person with similar characteristics such as a greedy pers on or a person who does horrible things: â€Å"that person is a monster†. The word monster derives from the Latin word monstrum, which is an unusual occurrence that was taken as a sign that something was wrong within the natural order of the world or it may indicate something evil. However, the root of monstrum is the Latin word monere, which does not only mean to warn, but also to instruct. Therefore, a monster can also be seen as a sign or a lesson to be learned. This nonthreatening interpretation was proposed by Saint Augustine, who did not see the monster as inherently evil, but as part of the natural design of the world, a kind of deliberate, categorical error. A â€Å"monster† can mean many things depending on the circumstances surrounding its existence and/or behavior. Let’s narrow it down though by looking at some examples. Monsters have been shown throughout history and the media in many different forms and contexts. In order to understand how society d efines monsters, let’s categorize them into three basic categories of monsters as they appear to us most often. The first category of monsters is mythical and legendary monsters. A mythical or legendary monster is known through a story, poem, or oral tale. TheyShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelly1192 Words   |  5 Pagestheir hearts and start to rebel. For instance, the monster rebels against Dr. Frankenstein; stating Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live? Why, in that instant did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed? I know not; despair had not yet taken possession of me; my feelings were those of rage and revenge† (Shelly 146). The monster starts to rebel against its creator because it has a deep hatred and sorrow inside of him. There is a void within himself, as he doesRead MoreAnalysis Of Inside Out And Frankenstein 1480 Words   |  6 Pages Inside Out and Frankenstein may have multiple similarities, but t he fact that they are so different is unbelievable that they can be alike in so many ways. Inside out was published in 2010 is a dystopian work taking place in the future where Frankenstein was published in 1818 is a horror story taking place in the past. Inside out is about a girl named Trella who is un-happy with her way of life because she lives in an over populated metal box, and is told what to do every minute of theRead MoreEssay on 13/10/666, Where Am I?830 Words   |  4 Pagesnight. I was running away from something but I wasn’t sure what I was running away from. I scampered with exhaustion as the forest closed on me like a pair of jaws. I also had no idea where I was. My eyesight was distorted by the troubling unavoidable mist. I noticed that a small black figure with great yellowish green eyes had passed through my path which caused me to trip over a branch and fall to the ground with a â€Å"THUD!† I started to regain my consciousness as the mist gradually cleared away. OnceRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pages Archetypal Characters inside Frankenstein The novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley involves the complex issues with the creation of life through an inanimate life. Shelley uses these character archetypes to develop a deeper meaning of the characters intentions. Shelley does an excellent job at allowing the reader to have a peak at the characters inner thoughts and feelings. The archetypes presented in Frankenstein allow readers to identify with the characters role and purpose. The foremostRead MoreRecurring Motif # 1 : Passive Women1012 Words   |  5 PagesRecurring Motif #1: Passive Women Quote #1: â€Å"But I do not pretend that my protestations should acquit me; I rest my innocence on a plain and simple explanation of the facts† (Shelley 83). Quote #2: â€Å"She left me, and I continued some time walking up and down the passages of the house and inspecting every corner that might afford a retreat to my adversary†¦when suddenly I heard a shrill and dreadful scream† (Shelley 210). Quote #3: â€Å"[A]nd endeavoured to secure him more entirely in his interests by theRead MoreNature vs. Nurture in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley884 Words   |  4 Pagesencountered turn him evil? Are ones surroundings determined by who they become later in life? Does nurture form ones characteristics that will determine who someone is later in life? Mary Shelley used these questions as an approach to show that the monster is intelligent, but destructive, and had guilt due to his environment and isolation. The monster’s guilt due to its environment made it dangerous to begin with. Each of the sources will discuss the argument of nature vs. nurture, and how they areRead MoreComparing Smartphones with The Matrix1029 Words   |  5 PagesBradbury is a story of a writer who walks the streets in the middle of the night. However, he lives in a time where people only stay inside watching TV unless working. The grass is even growing through the sidewalk and there is only need for on e police car because crime levels are terribly low. Technology had essentially consumed the entire population; keeping them inside their houses unless they are working. ‘Leonard Mead’, who is the only person outside in the whole city tried calling out to peopleRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1603 Words   |  7 Pagescontaining gothic themes, but with more profound meaning in the message that the novel tries to convey. Shelley’s use of imagery especially of the monster and how people react upon seeing him is an perfect example for how she held a broken mirror to society showing how people react to things that are different and unknown. In the novel the monster is a greater metaphor for people that fall into the category for being offbeat from the social norm. Even today decades since the publication of FrankensteinRead MoreMonsters Created by Uncontrolled Emotions: Examples of the Greek Mythical Characters Thesee, Oenone and Phedre1061 Words   |  4 PagesMonsters are often part of the imagination; they are beasts that physically look hideous. Greek mythology is full of monsters that the hero like Theseus or Hercules has to kill in order to achieve his glorious fate. However, there are other types of monsters, not based on their physical attributes, but because of the acts that they commit. Jean Racine in his play Phedre shows these psychological monsters who, based on appearance, look like any other character in the story, but it is their actionsRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing829 Words   |  4 Pagesthe crunching of the dead leaves. I could only see two feet in front of me because the fog was thicker than blood. There was a sinister feeling within the air. The wind felt brisk against my skin. I ambled down the path. As I was walking, I passed by a desolate house that I didn’t recognize. As I passed by, I felt a chill trickle down my spine. The house was a meager little cottage, but it seemed to hold somet hing more inside. The wood panels were drab, ashen, with several fractures. The lawn was

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Free Essays

COPD which is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is known as a condition that progressively makes it harder to breathe because the airflow into and out of the lungs is reduced. This usually occurs because the airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality, the walls between the air sacs are destroyed, the walls of the airways become swollen, or if the airways are clogged because they made more mucus than usual. Three main conditions of this disease are emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and asthma. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most patients who suffer from COPD also suffer from emphysema and chronic bronchitis as to why they are commonly just defined as COPD. The patients who experience one or more of these conditions usually find it even more difficult to breathe. It is known to be a major cause of disability, and the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. It is said that approximately 12 million people have been diagnosed with COPD while another 12 million may have it and don’t even know it. COPD is mostly caused by cigarette smoke; however, pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke, as well as, second-hand smoke can contribute to this disease. This disease can also be caused by inhalation of air pollution, chemical fumes or dust either in the workplace or from the environment. COPD is usually found in patients of at least 40 years of age; however, it may affect a patient younger if they happen to have the genetic condition, which is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein made in the liver. This is an inherited deficiency that puts patients at a high-risk for lung disease. This deficiency occurs when the AAT proteins are not the right shape, which means they get trapped in the liver cells and cannot get into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs in order to protect them. Signs and symptoms of COPD are chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, and also the â€Å"smoker’s cough. † The â€Å"smoker’s cough† is defined as an ongoing cough in which the patient produces large amounts of mucus. Severe COPD can cause symptoms such as weight loss and lower muscle endurance. If a patient is having a hard time catching their breath or talking, their not mentally alert, their heartbeat is very fast, their lips or fingernails turn gray, or blue or their recommended treatment which usually works isn’t work emergency treatment should be sought. If a doctor is attempting to diagnose COPD, he will first determine whether or not the patient is a smoker, then look into the patient’s family and medical history as well as their signs and symptoms. The doctor will also perform an auscultation using a stethoscope to listen for any wheezing or abnormal chest sounds. If the diagnosis process isn’t completed at that point, the doctor may then perform lung function tests. There are many different lung function tests; those are a spirometry, a peak flow meter, a lung volume measurement, a lung diffusion capacity, pulse oximetry, or an arterial blood gas test. A spirometry is a test to measure how much air you breathe in and out and how fast you blow it out. A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device that shows how well air moves out of your lungs. A lung volume measurement like a spirometry measures how much air you can breathe in and out, however, it also measures the size of your lungs. A lung diffusion capacity determines how well oxygen passes through your lungs to your bloodstream. Last, are a pulse oximetry and an arterial blood gas test, both of these tests are used to see how much oxygen is in your blood. The arterial blood gas test is usually what is used to determine how severe your COPD condition is. After COPD is diagnosed, different treatments may be advised. There is no cure for this condition, but certain treatments may help a patient to feel better, remain more active and also keep their condition from progressing so fast. First, the doctor will tell you if you are a smoker the best thing to do is to quit. And, depending on the severity of your COPD your doctor may advise you to see a pulminologist, who is a doctor who treats patients with lung problems. Then, different medications may be prescribed such as bronchodilators, short-acting or long-acting again depending on the severity of the disease. Both are used to relax the muscles around your airways to help make breathing easier; however, short-acting is said to only last four to six hours, whereas, long-acting is said to last twelve hours or more. Most bronchodilators are used through metered-dose inhalers. Also, inhaled steroids may be prescribed to reduce the airways from swelling. Doctors will usually prescribe the steroid for a trial period of six weeks to three months. Other treatments to help this disease from progressing may be pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and vaccines to prevent the patient from the pneumonia or the flu. Rarely, a patient may be advised to have surgery such as a bullectomy, which is a removal of one or more very large bullae of the lungs, a lung volume reduction surgery, which is used to removed damaged tissue from the lungs, or a lung transplant may also benefit patients who suffer from COPD. Although emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma are all conditions of this disease COPD, each condition affects the lungs slightly different. Emphysema is the condition that affects the lungs almost the same way because just like COPD it involves damage to the air sacs within the lungs; however, chronic bronchitis and asthma are different. Chronic bronchitis is known as a long-term inflammation of the bronchi, which causes increased mucus and other changes. Asthma occurs when the muscles in the bronchial tubes tighten and the airways become blocked by the extra mucus the airways are producing. Emphysema just like COPD is more progressive than chronic bronchitis or asthma. Patients with emphysema usually have shortness of breath and within later stages of the illness develop a chronic cough or sputum, whereas, patients with chronic bronchitis usually have a cough and develop sputum for many years before suffering from shortness of breath. And, for patients with asthma if proper treatments are followed then symptoms can be controlled. Causes of these conditions are also very similar. The most common cause for all of these conditions is smoking. The AAt deficiency can also play a role on patients who suffer from emphysema like COPD. Other causes for emphysema are known to be the HIV infection, as well as, connective tissue disorders. Other causes for chronic bronchitis can be from bacterial or viral infections. And, many different causes for asthma are airborne allergens, like pollen, mold, animal dander, dust mites, etc. , exercise-induced asthma, cold air, and certain medications, like beta-blockers, aspirin and other NSAID’s. It is said that the menstrual cycle in some women, as well as, the gastroesophageal reflux disease, which causes stomach acids to back up into the throat can lead to an asthma attack. And, allergic reactions to foods, like peanuts or shellfish can also cause an asthma attack. Symptoms of emphysema are known as a mild or chronic cough, loss of appetite and weight loss, and muscle fatigue. Symptoms for chronic bronchitis are known as a cough, spitting out of excess mucus, lips and skin may appear blue, abnormal lung signs, swelling of the feet, and heart failure. And, symptoms of asthma are chest tightness or pain, shortness of breath, a whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling, and trouble sleeping because of the shortness of breath, coughing, or wheezing. The diagnosis and treatments for both emphysema and chronic bronchitis are very similar as COPD, where pulmonary function tests, x-rays, and/or CAT scans may be performed to diagnose the condition. And different treatments may include bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, steroidal medications, and even possible lung surgery. Different procedures that may be used to diagnose the condition known as asthma are a methacholine bronchial challenge, where the patient inhales an asthma trigger called methacholine to mildly constrict the airways and a positive methacholine test will support the diagnosis. Another test is known as the nitric oxide test, which is used to measure the amount of nitric oxide you have in your breath. If your airways are inflamed, that is a sign of asthma. Medications that may be prescribed to treat asthma symptoms are inhaled corticosteroids, like Flovent Diskus, Pulmicort, Azmacort, Aerobid; Long-acting beta-2 agonists, which are long-acting bronchodilators; Leukotrine modifiers, theophylline. Also, short-acting bronchodilators may also be prescribed such as albuterol, atrovent, and oral and intravenous corticosteroids. How to cite Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Papers

Leadership Theory Human Life

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Theoryfor Human Life. Answer: Introduction: Leadership theory is closely associated with psychological theory. Leadership and followership both are related with security and prosperity of the human life. According to the nature all the living being prefer to follow the path of certitude from the uncertainty of the every days life. Evolutionary theory of the leadership is closely connected with that behavioural trait of human personality. This theory first introduced by contemporary psychologist Mark van Vugt. He attempted to investigate the reason behind the behaviour of leadership and followership. In his written article Leadership, Followership, and Evolution Some Lessons from the Past Vugt describe the whole issue with two other fellow writer Robert Hogan Robert B. Kaiser he describe the approach has been adopted in the article is not the part of mainstream leadership theory. Uniqueness of the approach is indicator of innovative stand of the writer but the whole issue will remain equivocal if the reader can not relate the a pproach with the previous scholarly works on this subject domain (Van Vugt, Hogan and Kaiser,2008). Approach of Evolutionary Leadership: In his essay authors indicated towards the origin of leadership in the human society and social behaviour, in order to trace so they travelled the distance past of human species. From their perspective it can be said that leadership is an object driven behaviour of a conspicuous person from a certain group. Behind the objectiveness of a leader another character trait always larks that is farsightedness. Leader must foresee something which doesnt come within the range of others vision. Leader can behold the solution for others which other people cant. This trait of behaviour is echoing great man theory. This theory became popular in 19th century revered personage such as Thomas Carlyle also got influenced by it. According to this theory leader is a god gifted man who is committed to lead his follower (Avolio and Yammarino,. 2013). Despite acknowledging the character trait describe in this theory Thomas Carlyle also said that the theory doesnt indicate that the leader should be born gr eat. Some time the concept of Masaya may comes to the mind in this regard but leader is to a full fledged Masaya rather a mentor or a guide in reality. In the essay writers described that the leadership and followership is an adoptive behaviour. The question may get appear in this regard that is what may be the reason of this adaptation? Answer is also plausible that is demand of the situation. The authenticity of this observation can traceable in history. Before the commencement of the Second World War the suggestion and observation Sir Winston Churchill was highly disrespected and ignored by the Mr. Stanley Baldwin, British Prime minister of that period of time. Mr Churchill uttered an intimidation regarding the evil intention of Nazi Germany. In the time of war Neville Chamberlin had to resign and the responsibility of the nation got handed over to Mr. Winston Churchill. In the essay on the issue of evolutionary leadership the writers attempted to depict the cardinal source of th is adoptive behaviour is social coordination problem. In situational leadership theory the leader need to retune himself according to the level of his follower. This approach is also indicating towards a coordination problem and the whole approach of leadership is depending upon that (Waldman, et al 2006). Ambivalent Relationship: In this essay the writers pointed towards the malfeasance of leadership. The leader is the dominating personality within the group and he is authorising to excessive his power over his subordinates. That can be used for exploitation as well as suppression. That is the reason the relationship between the leader and the subordinate is always uncertain in nature. In the case of transformational leadership it can be witnessed leader is using his power and force to change the behaviour of a group domination and suppression both term can get added to defined his behaviour from a certain point of view but that cannot mitigate the effectiveness of that leader ( Zohar and Tenne-Gazit, 2008). Organizational Structure and Leadership: In this essay writers indicated the attention of the readers towards the close relationship between organization structure and leadership. Some time some structures may generate a formidable conundrum between leader and its subordinate. Here the writers are critical regarding the contemporary organizational structure. The reason is clear in this regard that is organizational psychology is a major influence over leader and its subordinates. The structure of the organization configures the psychology of those people working there. Supportive organizational structure indicates the structure that helps both way communication and offer additional support for the implementation of the decision taken by the leader. Communication is a cardinal issue here. Without having a proper communication with the leader the subordinate will not get any proper idea or direction of their movement. Communication only can configure and evaluate the optimum psychological mechanism of leadership and followers hip (Waldman, et al.,2006). Application of CALP Cognitive ancestral leader prototype or CALP indicates certain specific trait that gets observed to identify right person as leader in a specific situation. These attributes defined as prototype by the writers. According to the description provide by them a masculine, dominating, youthful person is needed as leader at the time of crisis. On the contrary more feminine personality with social skill is needed at the time of peace. In history we can witnessed a plausible manifestation of this reality. World has recognised Winston Churchill as a hero of Second World War. He leaded his country towards victory over axis power. But in the peace time British people couldnt trust his as a peace time leader rather they opted for Clement Atlee who was much more submissive personality in front of Churchill. The prototype is the preoccupied idea in people mind but it is not the unchangeable one in history we have seen Winston Churchill, Ronal Regan, Franklin Roosevelt, has been leaded the nation s uccessfully and gained huge popularity. Conclusion: The essay is a new approach to the leadership theory. The writers indicated a new direction in this regard. They took support of evolutionary psychology and human anthropology too. But some section of their finding sound over simplified comprehension of the actual reality. When a writer prefer to substantiate his claim he become bias but the inconsistency get immerged when the reality articulates some contradiction (Churchill, 2010) Reference: Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R. and Kaiser, R.B., 2008. Leadership, followership, and evolution: some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), p.182. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Kaiser, R.B., Hogan, R. and Craig, S.B., 2008. Leadership and the fate of organizations. American Psychologist, 63(2), p.96. Liao, H. and Chuang, A., 2007. Transforming service employees and climate: a multilevel, multisource examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships. Journal of applied psychology, 92(4), p.1006. Zohar, D. and Tenne-Gazit, O., 2008. Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: a social network analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), p.744. Waldman, D.A., de Luque, M.S., Washburn, N., House, R.J., Adetoun, B., Barrasa, A., Bobina, M., Bodur, M., Chen, Y.J., Debbarma, S. and Dorfman, P., 2006. Cultural and leadership predictors of corporate social responsibility values of top management: A GLOBE study of 15 countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), pp.823-837. Churchill, W.S., 2010. The Gathering Storm: The Second World War (Vol. 1). RosettaBooks.